新疆阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度与碳储量估算

为科学评估新疆森林碳汇功能提供更准确的基础数据,论文基于在阿尔泰山布设的35个样地实测数据,参考2011年新疆森林资源清查资料,研究了我国境内阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳储量、碳密度及其空间分布特征。结果表明：1）阿尔泰山森林生态系统平均生物量为126.67 t·hm^-2,各组分生物量大小排序为：乔木层（120.84 t·hm^-2）>草本层（4.22 t·hm^-2）>凋落物层（1.61 t·hm^-2）,乔木各器官中,干、根、叶和枝分别占乔木生物量的50%、22%、16%和12%,干所占比例最大;林龄对植被生物量影响显著,生物量随林龄的增长而增加;2）生物量平均含碳率在0.40~0.53范围内,各组分、乔木各器官含碳率均不同,且林龄对含碳率影响显著;3）阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度为205.72 t·hm^-2,碳储量为131.35 Tg,其中土壤层、乔木层、草本层和凋落物层碳储量分别为86.67、43.09、1.03、0.56 Tg,土壤层和乔木层碳储量分别占阿尔泰山森林生态系统总碳储量的66%和33%,构成阿尔泰山森林生态系统的主要碳储存库;不同龄级的碳储量表现为成熟林最大,过熟林次之,两者合计占生态系统总碳储量的61%;4）阿尔泰山森林生态系统碳密度整体呈南高北低分布,是由西北—东南不同的环境因子影响所致。     

西藏地区水电开发的低碳效益评价

论文针对西藏水电开发及外送在我国优化能源资源配置、调整能源结构和控制CO₂排放中的重要地位,综合考虑受电区火力发电的供电煤耗、CO₂排放水平及其动态变化,开展西藏地区水电开发的化石燃料替代、CO₂减排等低碳效益评价。结果表明：1）2006—2012年西藏水电开发的化石燃料替代效应和CO₂减排效应变化具有明显的波动性;2）不同技术水平下西藏水电开发的化石燃料替代效应存在明显差异,华中电网技术水平下西藏水电开发的化石燃料替代量最大,西北、西藏电网技术水平下次之,全国电网技术水平下最小;3）不同排放水平下西藏水电开发的CO₂减排效应也存在明显差异,西藏电网排放水平下西藏水电开发的CO₂减排量最大,西北、华中电网排放水平下次之;4）西藏水电未来开发的化石燃料替代潜力和CO₂减排潜力突出,2030年西藏水电开发的化石燃料替代量超过2012年西北电网5省区火电燃料消耗总量的75%;与其他排放水平相比,2030年华中电网排放水平下西藏水电开发的CO₂减排量相对较小,但仍然超过2013年阿根廷、巴基斯坦、越南等国能源消费的CO₂排放量。因此,西藏水电开发及外送对于我国推动能源结构低碳化、实现2030年应对气候变化国家自主行动目标等具有重要意义。     

亚硝酸型反硝化除磷工艺特性及其应用

以亚硝酸盐作为电子受体进行反硝化除磷污泥的驯化,并探究了工艺运行条件、性能及实际应用情况.研究表明:厌氧-缺氧-好氧驯化方式可快速富集以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌,通过逐步提高底物浓度可以驯化富集耐受高NO₂^--N浓度的DNPAOs.实际废水运行实验表明,反硝化除磷法处理猪场废水UASB-SFSBR尾水是可行的,当缺氧进水NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N和PO₄^3--P浓度分别为5,70,30mg/L时,出水NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N浓度基本为0,PO₄^3--P浓度在1.0mg/L以下.     

地下储库掘进爆破地表震动角度效应分析

为确定地下工程爆破掘进对地表建筑震动影响,采用TC-4850型爆破测振仪对地表周围建筑物进行实时监测。通过对振动速度监测数据与爆源距以及装药量之间的关系进行分析,研究地表振动特性及变化规律。研究结果表明:掌子面掘进前方地表振速监测数据进行拟合,相关性较好,而掘进后方则相关性较差;爆源距与掌子面在水平面投影夹角越小,监测数据相关性较强,而该夹角越大监测数据相关性较差;在掌子面后方,爆源距在水平面投影越是接近于垂直掌子面,地表振速越高,具有放大效应。     

埋藏深度对盐岩储气库溶腔变形的影响研究

以典型的单一溶腔盐岩地下储气库为例,采用ANSYS15.0建立了盐岩储气库计算模型,并通过ANSYS-FLAC3转换软 件将所建模型导入岩土通用计算软件FLAC3D中,最后通过FLAC3D模拟了七种不同埋藏深度情况下盐岩储气库溶腔的变形 情况。数值模拟结果为:随着埋藏深度的增加,盐岩储气库位移近似呈直线增加,盐岩储气库应力同样近似线性增加; 溶腔中上部及溶腔直径最大处位移及应力最大,溶腔变形最大。根据模拟结果,推荐类似本文所建的盐岩储气库埋藏深 度应控制在800～1 000 m为宜,才能保证其运行过程中最大位移不高于1.19 m,最大应力不高于80 MPa。尽管通过 FLAC3D模拟的盐岩地下储气库溶腔形状过于单一,与实际盐岩地下储气库具有一定距离,但是不乏代表性,同样能够为 盐岩储气库运营期间的安全稳定性提供有益的借鉴作用。     

Optimal timing of carbon capture policies under learning-by-doing

Using a standard Hotelling model of resource exploitation, we determine the optimal energy consumption paths from three options: dirty coal, which is non-renewable and carbon-emitting; clean coal, which is also non-renewable but carbon-free thanks to carbon capture and storage (CCS); and solar energy, which is renewable and carbon-free. We assume that the atmospheric carbon stock cannot exceed an exogenously given ceiling. Taking into account learning-by-doing in CCS technology, we show the following results: (i) clean coal exploitation cannot begin before the outset of the carbon constrained phase and must stop strictly before the end of this phase; (ii) the energy price path can evolve non-monotonically over time; and (iii) when the solar cost is low enough, an unusual energy consumption sequence along with solar energy is interrupted for some time and replacement by clean coal may exist.     

Removal of Eu3+, Ce3+, Sr2+, and Cs+ ions from radioactive waste solutions by modified activated carbon prepared from coconut shells

As a biomass agricultural waste material, coconut shells were used for the preparation of high-quality modified activated carbon. Chemical modification of the surface of the prepared activated carbon is done by oxidation using H₂O₂ and HNO₃, respectively. The surface area and pore volume of the coconut shells activated carbon are increased by the chemical modification, and followingly the removal of the metals is improved. The structural morphology and composition of the modified activated carbon coconut shells (MACCS) were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis–differential thermal analysis (TGA-DTA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analysis (SAA), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHNS) elemental analysis. The prepared MACCS has reasonably good chemical stability. The influence of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, adsorption temperature, initial metal concentrations, and interfering ions on the adsorption performance of the investigated ions onto the prepared sorbent was examined by a batch method. The selectivity sequence for sorption of Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions on MACCS was found to be Eu^3+?>?Ce^3+?>?Sr^2+?>?Cs⁺. The saturation capacities of MACCS for the studied metal ions were found to be 136.84, 85.55, 69.85, and 60.00?mg?g^?1 for Eu³⁺, Ce³⁺, Sr²⁺, and Cs⁺ ions, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS°, and ΔG° were also evaluated.     

Effects of salinity on soil bacterial and archaeal community in estuarine wetlands and its implications for carbon sequestration: verification in the Yellow River Delta

Soils from two typical tidal salt marshes with varied salinity in the Yellow River Delta wetland were analysed to determine possible effects of salinity on soil carbon sequestration through changes in soil microbiology. The mean soil respiration (SR) of the salt water–fresh water mixing zone (MZ) was 2.89 times higher than that of the coastal zone (CZ) (4.73 and 1.63?μmol?m^?2?s^?1, respectively, p?Pseudomonas sp. and Limnobacter sp. that might have led to its higher dehydrogenase activity and respiratory rates. Additionally, the CZ possessed more Halobacteria and Thaumarchaeota with the ability to fix CO₂ than the MZ. Significantly lower soil salinity in MZ (4.25?g?kg^?1) was suitable for β-Proteobacteria, but detrimental for Halobacteria compared with CZ (7.09?g?kg^?1, p?相似文献   

腐殖酸与典型碳纳米材料协同光致产生活性氧物种的研究

采用电子自旋共振光谱(EPR)技术,分析腐殖酸在光照下对4种典型碳纳米材料诱导产生单线态氧(~1O_2)和羟基自由基(·OH)的影响。基于密度泛函理论计算4种典型碳纳米材料的前线轨道能,比较了它们分别经能量转移诱导产生~1O_2的能力以及经电子传递诱导产生·OH的能力。结果显示,4种不同形状的碳纳米材料(富勒烯、单壁碳纳米管、多壁碳纳米管以及石墨烯)悬浮液在紫外光照下均无~1O_2和·OH产生。与腐殖酸共同存在下,4种碳纳米材料均显著诱导~1O_2的产生,且富勒烯和石墨烯还能光致生成·OH。协同产生~1_O2的能力大小为:单壁碳纳米管富勒烯多壁碳纳米管石墨烯,协同产生·OH的能力大小为:石墨烯富勒烯。~1O_2的产生能力与碳纳米材料的能隙大小和颗粒聚集程度有关,而诱导产生·OH的能力主要取决于化学硬度。总之,我们的研究表明腐殖酸与碳纳米颗粒可协同产生活性氧物种。     

以稻秆为固体碳源处理分散养猪冲洗水的试验研究

针对分散养猪废水经厌氧和人工湿地处理后存在C/N低的问题,以廉价的稻秆作为固体碳源和生物膜载体,研究反应器启动阶段运行性能、水力负荷的影响以及污染物沿程去除特性.结果表明NO3--N主要在反应器上部稻秆填充层被去除,去除率超过95%,且无明显NO2--N积累,反硝化速率为0.052mg/(g·h).稻秆本身会浸出释放有机物和氮(主要为NH4+-N),导致运行前期出水COD和NH4+-N高于进水,但仍远低于《畜禽养殖业污染物排放标准》(GB18596-2001)的排放限值,40d后COD逐步降至40mg/L左右.COD和NO3--N可在反应器下部的砖渣填充层被进一步去除.